Probiotic treatment induces sex-dependent neuroprotection and gut microbiome shifts after traumatic brain injury.

In the sham VH-treated groups, male mice exhibited slightly significant alterations in microbial taxa, including a decrease in Bifidobacterium (LFC=-2.93, q = 0.024) and Dubosiella (LFC=-1.84, q = 0.029), as well as an increase in Lachnoclostridum (LFC = 1.52, q = 0.024), (Fig. 4 a) suggesting slight dynamic interactions are occurring within the population regardless of treatment.

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