Investigating Plasma Metabolomics and Gut Microbiota Changes Associated With Parkinson Disease: A Focus on Caffeine Metabolism.

Neurology · 2025 · PMC12022887 · PMID 40273394

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although the differences in 1-methylxanthine, theobromine, 7-methylxanthine, and 7-methylurate representation did not reach statistical significance, their abundance in the PD group was lower than in the control group ( Figure 3 ).

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