Study on the effect of underlying surface changes on runoff generation in the urbanized watershed.

Sci Rep · 2025 · PMC12041360 · PMID 40301352

Europe PMC DOI

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closest p

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showed a trendno p-value reported

(b) The percentage of excess surface runoff ( R s ) in the central city increased significantly from 22 to 67%, and showed a trend of expansion from the central city to the suburbs.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

During this decade, the percentage of R s in the watershed increased rapidly from 24 to 41%, while the other three runoff components showed a decreasing trend.

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highly significantno p-value reported

R s showed a highly significant positive correlation with construction land.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.