Silicon-iron modified biochar remediates cadmium and arsenic co-contaminated paddy soil by regulating cadmium and arsenic speciation.

Changes in the abundance of As and Cd-related functional genes The abundance of functional genes in each treatment exhibited an increasing trend throughout the culture period ( Figure 6 ).

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Variation of bioavailable Cd and As The bioavailable concentration of As in each soil treatment showed a trend of initially decreasing and then increasing( Figure 5 ).

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