Psychological reactance to system-level policies before and after their implementation.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 2025 · PMC12067200 · PMID 40310459

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hedged sentence

0.0530

closest p · 1.1× alpha

0.0530

boldest claim

The sentences

only marginally significantP = 0.053so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

That is, when the system-level policy was planned (ex ante), inducing a loss frame had a small and only marginally significant effect on reactance compared to the control condition ( F (1, 1631) = 3.76, P = 0.053, d = 0.14, 95% CI [0.00, 0.27]).

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