Institutional proficiency and learning curves in robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: a single-center retrospective analysis using the cumulative sum method.

J Robot Surg · 2025 · PMC12075338 · PMID 40360940

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a positive trendno p-value reported

A positive trend in the CUSUM chart indicates performance above the mean (e.g., longer surgery times or increased blood loss).

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a negative trendno p-value reported

In contrast, a negative trend indicates performance below the mean (e.g., shorter surgery times or decreased blood loss).

also in 4,201 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.