<i>Ex vivo</i> and <i>in vivo</i> HIV-1 latency reversal by "Mukungulu," a protein kinase C-activating African medicinal plant extract.

In untreated cells, limited or no HIV gag-p24 protein was detected across all cell pellets (average 0.019 ± 0.009 pg/mL, assuming a value of 0.005 pg/mL for all samples with gag-p24 below the LOD), while anti-CD3/CD28 induced an average 0.138 ± 0.070 pg/mL of viral protein, or a borderline significant 7.6-fold increase over no-drug control ( P = 0.05; Fig. 4B ).

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Simple linear regression analysis indicated a good correlation of respective namushen levels between extracts A and B ( r 2 = 0.59), although this did not reach statistical significance as measured by analysis of variance (ANOVA; P = 0.12; Fig. 2B ).

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Similarly, while no correlations were observed for supernatant gag-p24 protein induced by Mukungulu on 5′-defective or 3′-defective provirus in CD4+ T-cells, borderline significance was observed for supernatant gag-p24 protein induced by anti-CD3/CD28 ( Fig. 5G ; Fig.

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