The Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cytokine Modulation in Athletes After a Bout of Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Sports Med Open · 2025 · PMC12098250 · PMID 40402402

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a possible trendno p-value reported

[ 14 ]) indicated a possible trend towards lower TNF-α levels in the probiotic group compared to placebo, although heterogeneity remained substantial.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

While subgroup analyses suggested potential reductions in TNF-α levels following probiotic supplementation, these findings did not reach statistical significance in either subgroup.

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