Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression and Its Impact on Neonatal Health: A Cross-Sectional Study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Cureus · 2025 · PMC12099466 · PMID 40416157

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a possible trendno p-value reported

For example, psychological difficulties (such as high anxiety or emotional stress during pregnancy) had an OR of 1.76 (95% CI: 0.75-4.14) for subsequent PPD, suggesting a possible trend, but our sample size was too limited to confirm it.

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a slight trendno p-value reported

Our results did show a slight trend that if the husband was dissatisfied (perhaps indicating some conflict or disappointment), the odds of PPD were higher (OR >1), though not significantly so.

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

We found the odds of PPD were modestly higher in those who had such fears (OR = 1.61), but this did not reach statistical significance (CI: 0.83-3.12).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.