Lumbar Fusion With Micro- & Nano-Textured, 3D Printed Porous Titanium Versus PEEK Interbody Cages in TLIF: A Single-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.

There was also a trend towards lower complication and reoperation rates in the 3DPPT group, however, did not reach statistical significance. 48 In a 2023 randomized controlled study, Toop et al 11 provided the first class 1 evidence supporting enhanced early fusion with activated titanium cages in TLIF surgeries at 6-months.

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