Effects of opioids on tumour growth and metastasis in animal models: a systematic review.

Br J Anaesth · 2025 · PMC12106868 · PMID 40140289

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difference was apparentno p-value reported

A clear difference was apparent, as experiments showing an anti-cancer or no change effect predominantly (92% and 82%, respectively) used high doses of morphine, whereas experiments showing a pro-cancer effect predominantly (65%) used low doses of morphine ( Supplementary material ).

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