Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques for Renal Cell Carcinoma with Intravenous Tumor Thrombus: A Systematic Review of Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Approaches.

Although few studies explicitly redefine eligibility criteria for pure laparoscopy, increasing reports of the successful management of Level II–III thrombi, complex vascular reconstructions, and even IVC wall excision without hand assistance or conversion reflect a clear trend toward broader patient inclusion and lower conversion rates.

also in 19,460 other papers