Current Trends and Future Directions in Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Review of Emerging Techniques and Evolving Management Paradigms.

In a 2024 retrospective cohort study involving 150 patients undergoing lumbar decompression, the surgical site infection rate was 5.6% in the open surgery group versus 2.4% in the endoscopic group, suggesting a trend toward improved infection control with MIS techniques, although the difference did not reach statistical significance [ 74 ].

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