Overfishing and sea warming drive the collapse of Paracentrotus lividus.

Overall, our systematic literature review highlighted a decreasing trend in the individual density of P. lividus for the entire Mediterranean Sea, extending over the last three decades (1990–2020), suggesting that multiple interacting factors, including overfishing, rising sea temperatures, biological invasions, and extreme weather events, are synergistically driving the observed long-term ongoing decline at basin scale.

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The meta-analysis revealed that there is a negative trend in the form of a reduction over time of the average individual density of P. lividus in the Mediterranean Sea, which first became manifest in 2003, and which intensified in the following years.

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