Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Opioid Dependence: Evidence of Neuroimmune Activation and Ion Composition Changes, Without Alteration in Orexin-A.

Addict Biol · 2025 · PMC12127996 · PMID 40454659

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

—

closest p

—

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Similarly, previous studies have suggested that opioids can induce GFAP expression in the brain [ 9 , 25 ], but the difference in GFAP did not reach statistical significance in this study.

also in 111,027 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.