Although the risk presented by antibiotics to nitrogen-cycling microorganisms is generally lower compared to the potential harm from ARG generation, the environmental impacts of antibiotics are quite significant and should not be overlooked [ 18 ]. 3.5.2 Risk assessment of antibiotics across different continents After assessing the probability of environmental hazards caused by the antibiotics in various liquid phases, we selected the antibiotics whose concentrations indicated a high probability of exceeding the PNEC RS (≥21.82 %) for risk assessment across different continents ( Fig. 8 ; Supplementary Materials Fig.
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