Age-Dependent Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Role of Key Bacterial Ratios.

In the subsequent age group of 4–6 years ( n = 80), the mean ratio (1.22 ± 1.58) was slightly below the meta-mean (1.54), showing marginal statistical significance in parametric testing ( t -test, p = 0.074), yet highly significant differences emerged with non-parametric methods (Wilcoxon test, p = 8.03 × 10 −9 ; Binomial test, p = 3.16 × 10 −12 ), albeit with a relatively smaller negative effect size (Cohen’s d = −0.20).

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In European populations ( n = 194), the mean ratio was elevated (0.91 ± 2.59) compared to a meta-mean of 0.54, approaching significance in parametric testing ( t -test, p = 0.051), but with strong non-parametric confirmation (Wilcoxon test, p = 7.54 × 10 −6 ; Binomial test, p = 2.14 × 10 −16 ) and small positive effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.14) (see Figure 3 ). 4.

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