The effectiveness of low-frequency electrical stimulation in treating hemiplegic shoulder pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Although LFES did not demonstrate statistical significance in improving pain scores when compared to active treatments (SMD = −0.52, 95% CI: [−1.30, 0.26]; Z = 1.30, p = 0.19; I 2 = 82%), the difference between the sham or placebo group and the active treatment group did not reach statistical significance ( Supplementary Figure S2 ).

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