A systematic review of the effects of nanoplastics on fish.

Front Toxicol · 2025 · PMC12163001 · PMID 40521127

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The gene expressions of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway ( irf3, irak4, traf6, and tbk1 ) in the liver showed a trend of upregulation, while those in muscle development-related genes ( myog, myod, mstn, myf5, and fgf6b ) were downregulated after PSNAP exposure by trophic transfer ( Table 6 ).

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