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A systematic review and meta-analysis of physical environmental enrichment to improve animal welfare-related outcomes in indoor cattle.

Anim Welf · 2025 · PMC12171782 · PMID 40529167

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a negative trendno p-value reported
Although the meta-analysis does not provide evidence for a significant reduction in cross sucking through enrichment strategies, it does highlight a negative trend in control groups, without such interventions.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.