Awareness of third-hand smoke: A cross-sectional study among medical students at Qassim University.

J Family Med Prim Care · 2025 · PMC12178486 · PMID 40547728

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentences

0.0900

closest p · 1.8× alpha

0.0900

boldest claim

The sentences

did not reach statistical significanceP = 0.090so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The analysis of belief scores, as presented in Table 3 , indicated that females had a slightly higher median overall belief score of 33 (IQR 8.0) compared with males, who had a median score of 32 (IQR 8.0); however, this difference did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.090).

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borderline significanceno p-value reported

Regarding gender, females reported slightly higher median overall belief scores (33) compared to males (32), with a P value of 0.09, suggesting a borderline significance in their overall belief about the health impacts and persistence of smoke particles.

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