Evaluating inhaled corticosteroids' impact on osteoporosis and fracture risk in COPD patients: a real-world evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Med (Lausanne) · 2025 · PMC12178898 · PMID 40547916

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a significant trendno p-value reported

While this is a significant limitation, we addressed it analytically by performing a study-level meta-regression using oral corticosteroid prevalence, which revealed a significant trend, suggesting that higher oral corticosteroid exposure may amplify the ICS-associated risk.

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