Hexavalent chromium at the crossroads of science, environment and public health.

30,196 An important trend is the development of multifunctional materials capable of not only detecting but also removing or neutralizing Cr( vi ). 197,198 Such systems are particularly promising for creating integrated monitoring and remediation devices for contaminated waters, aligning with modern concepts of sustainable development and circular economy. 5.

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The high efficiencies reported in laboratories are achieved under idealized conditions, whereas real efficiency under industrial conditions may be significantly lower due to the influence of competing ions and complex wastewater composition. 287–289 The critical dependence on pH represents a fundamental limitation for most methods.

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