Inflammatory Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure on the Nasal and Paranasal Sinus Mucosa in Rats.

Int J Mol Sci · 2025 · PMC12192988 · PMID 40565346

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

Although IL-1β and IL-5 expression showed an increasing trend, the difference did not reach statistical significance.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

By 14 days post-exposure, expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were markedly reduced ( p < 0.001) while IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-5, and MUC5AC only showed a decreasing trend compared to 7 days post-exposure, suggesting a resolution of PM-induced inflammation and secretory responses ( Figure 4 ). 3.

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