Characterizing the Flowering Phenology of <i>Rosa rugosa</i> Thunb. as an Ecosystem Service in the Context of Climate Change in Kupinovo (Vojvodina), Serbia.

A positive Sen’s slope indicates an increasing trend, while a negative slope indicates a decreasing trend [ 66 ].

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For the last key phase of primary flowering, 69BBCH, an increasing trend was established ( Figure 1 a).

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rugosa in Kupinovo (Vojvodina) fluctuated, but overall, the temporal distribution showed a trend of earlier flowering and later cessation of flowering, as well as the occurrence of secondary flowering in late autumn and winter during the 2022–2025 period.

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