did not reach statistical significanceP = 0.4341
On the other hand, although the average TCA concentration was > 2-fold higher in MASLD (103.0 pg/mL) and HCC patients (184.4 pg/mL) compared to controls (45.0 pg/mL), the difference did not reach statistical significance ( P = 0.4341) ( Supplementary Figure 1 and Supplementary Table 1 ).