Cardiovascular adverse effects of immunotherapy in cancer: insights and implications.

Although higher rates of heart failure, hypertension, pericardial effusion, myocarditis, and atrial fibrillation were observed, these did not reach statistical significance when analyzed individually ( 148 ). 3.2.4 Cardiovascular and immune checkpoint complications Mortality rates in severe instances vary from 10% to 17%, however, most irAEs may be efficiently controlled in their early stages ( 149 , 150 ).

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