a decreasing trendP < 0.05
Terrestrial water storage change (TWSC) showed a decreasing trend from 2019 to 2023 ( R 2 = 0.3636*, P < 0.05), which suggested that future expansion of the terrestrial water storage (TWS) deficit may occur.
Terrestrial water storage change (TWSC) showed a decreasing trend from 2019 to 2023 ( R 2 = 0.3636*, P < 0.05), which suggested that future expansion of the terrestrial water storage (TWS) deficit may occur.
Groundwater levels displayed a significant decreasing trend in the headwater region of Yellow River (B and C wells), and a significant trend in the endorheic basins (D wells).
The annual average temperature across the QTP exhibited an increasing trend with a growth rate of 0.21 °C per decade from 1961 to 2023 (Fig. 2 a), which was close to the mean rate of globe (~ 0.19 °C per decade).