Spatial and temporal characteristics of vegetation phenology in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its response to climate.

4 Discussion 4.1 Characteristics of changes in vegetation phenology On the temporal scale, vegetation phenology in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River exhibited a clear trend of advancement in the start of the growing season (SOS) and a delay in the end of the growing season (EOS), aligning with findings from previous studies ( Cui Hongjing, 2024 ; Han et al., 2024 ; Yang et al., 2022 , Yang et al., 2024 ; Zhu et al., 2024 ).

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The annual average surface temperature is slightly higher than the annual average air temperature, ranging from 4.8°C to 29.27°C, and shows a decreasing trend with increasing latitude.

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