A matrix-free 3D in vitro follicle culture system in mice exhibits enhanced oocyte meiotic and developmental competence compared to hydrogel encapsulation.

However, significantly decreased antral follicle rates were detected in the PEG (40.1 ± 24.9%) compared to the AT (97.7 ± 2.7%, P < 0.01) and the NA (93.2 ± 4.6%, P < 0.05), and there was a decrease, close to significance, compared to the ES condition (90.1 ± 6.9%, P = 0.05) ( Fig. 3b ).

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However, for all genes studied in GV oocytes ( Bmp15 , Gdf9 , Npm2 , Mater , and Zar1) , in vitro conditions exhibited significantly lower expression levels compared to the IVO controls, with the Bmp15 and Npm2 genes in the ES condition approaching significance ( P = 0.06 and P = 0.05, respectively) ( Fig. 4a ).

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