No 2-way interactions were significant, but the 3-way interaction between trial, density, and elevation was significant for exploration ( F 1,43 = 5.12, P = 0.029) and approaching significance for activity ( F 1,43 = 3.80, P = 0.057) with moderate effect sizes for both (exploration: η 2 = 0.11; activity: η 2 = 0.07).
For emergence, there was also a trend toward significance for the effect of elevation ( X 2 = 3.29, P = 0.070), with low-elevation frogs emerging more quickly ( Table 1 , Figure 2C ).
We found that exploration and activity were strongly correlated in both the lab and the field, although there was a small but significant decrease in the strength of this relationship in the laboratory.