Barely Significant
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Hamsters immunized with formalin-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 develop accelerated lung histopathological lesions and Th2-biased response following infection.

NPJ Vaccines · 2025 · PMC12227699 · PMID 40615384

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a slight trendno p-value reported
By 13 DPI, no clear histological differences were observed between the groups, although the vaccinated hamsters showed a slight trend toward higher histological scores.

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an increasing trendno p-value reported
Ifng , Il6 and Il2 expression was elevated in all groups at 5 DPI and returned to (nearly) baseline levels at 13 DPI, while an increasing trend was observed for Tnf over time.

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showed a trendno p-value reported
In contrast, the Treg pathway score overlapped for the vaccinated and mock-vaccinated group early post infection (2 and 4 DPI), but showed a trend of faster recovery in the vaccinated group from 6 DPI onwards (Fig. 7b ).

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.