Smoking can increase the risk of osteoarthritis in European women.

Sci Rep · 2025 · PMC12229534 · PMID 40610574

Europe PMC DOI

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nearly significantno p-value reported

An epidemiological study using a sex-specific OA risk model showed a nearly significant positive association (95% CI: 0.99–1.43) between smoking and OA in women, although the authors did not conclude that smoking was a risk factor for OA in women 44 .

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