Immunization of pigs with Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia live attenuated (gene-deleted) vaccine HB04M intramuscularly or intranasally exhibits remarkably rapid protection against heterologous strain challenge.

BMC Vet Res · 2025 · PMC12235805 · PMID 40629392

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

However, this difference did not reach statistical significance, primarily due to inherent individual variations (Fig. 4 C).

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