Influence of probiotics and deoxycholate on azathioprine transport in the PAMPA model: insights into pharmacomicrobiomics and interindividual variability in drug response.

4 Discussion Our study focused on the largely unexplored but highly significant interactions between azathioprine, probiotic bacteria, and the bile acid representative DC, given their potential impact on the pharmacokinetics of azathioprine and their role in influencing therapeutic outcomes in patients.

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AD3, p = 3.27 × 10 −5 ), while at pH 6.5, the differences did not reach statistical significance.

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