The Impact of Environmental and Material Factors on Fluoride Release from Metal-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies.

[ 69 ] found that TiO 2 at 3–5% increased surface hardness, but 7% reduced it; surface roughness showed an increasing trend with higher TiO 2 concentrations, though the relationship was not linear.

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[ 71 ] measured fluoride release across various combinations of SrO and SrF 2 and found a clear trend: groups with 1.5% SrF 2 and 1% SrO showed the highest cumulative fluoride values (2.61 mequiv/g).

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