Phenotypic screening and genetic insights for predicting major vascular-related diseases using retinal imaging.

In the forward MR analysis, where retinal image-derived traits were treated as exposures, we found nominally significant causal effects for stroke with FP_1 as well as FP_2, and for MI with FP_4 and FP_5 (Supplementary Tables 18 and 19 ).

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These findings are highly significant in advancing the understanding of the retinal morphological mechanisms of major vascular-related diseases and their clinical management.

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