a trend towards significancep=0.068
5.31; p<0.0001), indicative of poorer glycemic control, despite similar maternal age and parity (p>0.3); furthermore, while triglyceride levels showed a trend towards significance (p=0.068), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly lower in the GDM group (44.55±5.85 mg/dL vs. 46.55±5.76 mg/dL; p=0.0159), suggesting early dyslipidemia and highlighting the distinct metabolic baseline of women with GDM during pregnancy.