The tactile-olfactory condition showed significantly lower HR compared to control (ΔM = − 13.24, p < 0.001), tactile (ΔM = − 7.28, p < 0.001), and marginally lower HR than the visual condition (ΔM = − 4.64, p = 0.060), though this last difference did not reach statistical significance.
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Tactile and olfactory stimulation reduce anxiety and enhance autonomic balance: a multisensory approach for healthcare settings.
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