Per-Protocol Analysis As shown in Table 3 , there was a highly significant interaction of time and group ( F (1,18) = 15.99, P = .001, η p 2 = .32) on the self-efficacy scale, indicating that self-efficacy differed significantly between the intervention and control groups, with a large effect size.
Mean total scores on the ESS and Compassion for Self scale and their subscales improved for the intervention group but not for the control group; this improvement was statistically significant for the behavioral subscale of the ESS ( t (8) = 2.86, P = .021) and showed a trend toward significance for the ESS overall ( t (8) = 2.04, P = .075).
The intervention group did not show any significant improvement in anxiety, depression, or PTSD symptoms and the control group showed a significant increase in PTSD symptoms and an increase in anxiety approaching significance.