A daily basis gene expression heat map shows that these biological processes have an increasing trend with age from 4 d to 18 d (Fig. 5b ), supporting the increasing evidence that gut microbes induce immune responses and ROS accumulation in the gut epithelium 19 , 21 , 23 , 79 – 86 .
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Notably, the EI transcriptomes did not change drastically at 19 d, and after 22 d, the EI transcriptome showed a trend toward aging, but was considerably milder than the aging state of the UT group (Fig. 2d ).