Impact of Biologics and Proton Pump Inhibitors on Gastrointestinal Infection Risk in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of Pathogen-Specific Outcomes and Treatment Interactions.

Biomedicines · 2025 · PMC12292352 · PMID 40722748

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did not reach statistical significanceno p-value reported

While trends toward higher CDI and non-clostridial infection risks were observed, these did not reach statistical significance ( Table 4 and Table 5 ), potentially due to small subgroup sample sizes or unadjusted confounders.

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