Degradation of anti-wear additives and tribological properties of engine oils at extended oil change intervals in city buses.

Tribological analysis revealed a clear trend of degradation in the lubricating properties of the oil with increasing operational use, where fresh oil achieved the highest seizure point (2800 N) with a characteristic increase in friction torque to a maximum (~ 9.5 Nm), followed by a sharp drop signaling seizure.

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The overall trend confirms that progressive oil degradation leads to a systematic reduction in seizure resistance, with possibly significant engine wear (OP_2384).

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