Therapeutic anti-cancer vaccines: a systematic review of prospective intervention trials for common hematological malignancies.

BCG trials showed promise, with one of the largest RCTs involving 295 patients found that remission duration was extended with BCG treatment compared to chemotherapy alone, although the same study found that survival benefit did not reach statistical significance. 21 While historical BCG trials in AML from the 1970s–1980s demonstrated some clinical benefit in extending remission duration, these approaches have limited contemporary relevance given advances in AML treatment and understanding of immune mechanisms.

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