Global burden of atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter and its attributable risk factors in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: insights from the global burden of disease study.

In the high-SDI regions, both sexes exhibited a significant trend in the incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of initially increasing, then decreasing, and subsequently increasing again over the 31 years ( Figure 1A–C ).

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Temporal trend of proportion of potential risk factors for AF/AFL-related deaths/DALY disease burden Globally, from 1990 to 2021, the percentage contributions of a high body mass index and high systolic blood pressure to the disease burden of AF/AFL-related deaths and DALYs showed an increasing trend in both sexes, whereas the contribution of tobacco exposure showed a decreasing trend.

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While Central Europe experienced a reduction in the actual disease burden in terms of AF/AFL incidence, number of deaths, and number of DALYs, its incidence and DALY rates showed an increasing trend ( Tables 1 and 2 ).

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