Combined action observation and motor imagery practice for upper limb recovery following stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Neurol · 2025 · PMC12327397 · PMID 40771975

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hedged sentences

0.0510

closest p · 1.0× alpha

0.0510

boldest claim

The sentences

approached significancep = 0.051so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The AO condition ( M = 25.01, SD = 6.84) did not significantly differ from other conditions, though it approached significance compared to MI [ t (87.2) = 2.61, p = 0.051].

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a positive trendno p-value reported

Additionally, the prediction interval indicated a positive trend in upper limb function improvement, ranging from −0.29 to 1.39.

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