Eco-friendly enhancement of optical and structural properties in polyvinyl alcohol films via eggplant peel dye doping.

Sci Rep · 2025 · PMC12331948 · PMID 40775043

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a clear trendno p-value reported

A clear trend is observed, with ε1 increasing from 1.366 (pure PVA) to 1.609 (PVA-D3), indicating a higher density of localized electronic states in the doped films 70 , 136 .

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