Uncovering the mechanistic basis of <i>Rheum palmatum</i> L. (rhubarb) in the treatment of chronic kidney disease: an integrative approach using network pharmacology, molecular docking, and experimental validation.

Although results obtained for IL6 did not reach statistical significance, its OR > 1 and β > 0 indicated a positive causal relationship with CKD, consistent with our network pharmacology and MR findings revealing markedly elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in kidney tissues of CKD rats that were significantly attenuated after rhubarb treatment.

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