highly significantp < 0.10
For all analyses, we defined statistical significance as p < 0.05, with p < 0.01 considered highly significant and 0.05 ≤ p < 0.10 indicating a trend.
For all analyses, we defined statistical significance as p < 0.05, with p < 0.01 considered highly significant and 0.05 ≤ p < 0.10 indicating a trend.
In contrast, regions such as the wing and flank consistently showed low or negative thermal responses, which often did not reach statistical significance.