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Pregnancy reduces COVID-19 vaccine immunity against novel variants.

NPJ Vaccines · 2025 · PMC12350772 · PMID 40804265

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showed a trendno p-value reported
Non-pregnant women showed a trend toward greater CD4 + T cell polyfunctionality, with more cells co-expressing multiple cytokines, including IL-21, TNF, and IL-2 (Fig. 6B ), cytokines that influence B cell maturation and antibody production.

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